Isazi sezinto eziphilayo zokwenziwa uTom Knight uthe, "Ikhulu lama-21 lizoba yikhulu lezinto eziphilayo zobunjiniyela." Ungomunye wabasunguli bezinto eziphilayo zokwenziwa kanye nomunye wabasunguli abahlanu beGinkgo Bioworks, inkampani evelele kwezezinto eziphilayo zokwenziwa. Le nkampani yafakwa ohlwini lweNew York Stock Exchange ngoSepthemba 18, futhi inani layo lafinyelela ku-US$15 billion.
Izintshisekelo zocwaningo zikaTom Knight ziye zashintsha kusukela kwikhompyutha kuya kwi-biology. Kusukela ngesikhathi sesikole samabanga aphezulu, wasebenzisa amaholide asehlobo ukufunda ikhompyutha nokuhlela e-MIT, wabe esechitha namazinga akhe e-undergraduate kanye ne-postgraduate e-MIT.
UTom Knight Eqaphela ukuthi uMthetho kaMoore wabikezela imikhawulo yokuphathwa kwama-athomu e-silicon ngabantu, waphendukela ezintweni eziphilayo. "Sidinga indlela ehlukile yokubeka ama-athomu endaweni efanele... Yisiphi i-chemistry esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu? Yi-biochemistry. Ngicabanga ukuthi ungasebenzisa ama-biomolecule, njengama-protein, angazihlanganisa futhi ahlangane ngaphakathi kobubanzi obudingayo. ukwakheka kwamakristalu."
Ukusebenzisa ukucabanga kobunjiniyela okunobuningi kanye nokwekhwalithi ukuklama izinto zokuqala zebhayoloji sekuyindlela entsha yocwaningo. Ibhayoloji yokwenziwa ifana nokukhuphuka kolwazi lwabantu. Njengomkhakha wobunjiniyela ohlanganisa imikhakha eyahlukene, isayensi yamakhompyutha, i-biology, njll., unyaka wokuqala webhayoloji yokwenziwa ubekwe njengo-2000.
Ezifundweni ezimbili ezanyatheliswa kulo nyaka, umqondo wokuklama isifunda sezazi zezinto eziphilayo ufinyelele ekulawuleni ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo.
Ososayensi eBoston University bakhe i-Gene toggle switch ku-E. coli. Lo modeli usebenzisa amamojula amabili kuphela ezakhi zofuzo. Ngokulawula izinto zangaphandle, ukuvezwa kwezakhi zofuzo kungavulwa noma kucinywe.
Ngonyaka ofanayo, ososayensi ePrinceton University basebenzise amamojula amathathu ezakhi zofuzo ukuze bafinyelele umphumela wemodi "yokuguquguquka" esignalini yesekethe ngokusebenzisa ukuvimbela okuhlangene kanye nokukhululwa kokuvimbela phakathi kwabo.
Umdwebo wokushintsha i-Gene toggle switch
Indawo Yokusebenzela Yamaseli
Emhlanganweni, ngizwe abantu bekhuluma "ngenyama yokwenziwa."
Ngokulandela imodeli yengqungquthela yekhompyutha, "ingqungquthela ezihlelele yona ngaphandle kwengqungquthela" yokuxhumana kwamahhala, abanye abantu baphuza ubhiya futhi baxoxe: Yimiphi imikhiqizo ephumelelayo ekhona ku-"Synthetic Biology"? Othile ukhulume "ngenyama yokwenziwa" ngaphansi kwe-Impossible Food.
I-Impossible Food ayikaze izibize ngokuthi inkampani "yebhayoloji yokwenziwa", kodwa iphuzu eliyinhloko lokuthengisa eliyihlukanisa kweminye imikhiqizo yenyama yokwenziwa - i-hemoglobin eyenza inyama yemifino iphunga "inyama" eyingqayizivele ivela kule nkampani eminyakeni engaba ngu-20 edlule. Yemikhakha ekhulayo.
Ubuchwepheshe obuhilelekile ukusebenzisa ukuhlela izakhi zofuzo okulula ukuvumela imvubelo ukuthi ikhiqize "i-hemoglobin." Ukuze kusetshenziswe amagama ebhayoloji yokwenziwa, imvubelo iba "ifektri yamaseli" ekhiqiza izinto ngokwezifiso zabantu.
Yini eyenza inyama ibe bomvu kangaka futhi ibe nephunga elikhethekile uma inambitheka? Ukudla Okungenakwenzeka kubhekwa njenge-"hemoglobin" ecebile enyameni. I-hemoglobin itholakala ekudleni okuhlukahlukene, kodwa okuqukethwe kwayo kuphezulu kakhulu emisipheni yezilwane.
Ngakho-ke, i-hemoglobin yakhethwa ngumsunguli wenkampani kanye nesazi samakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo uPatrick O. Brown "njengesinongo esiyinhloko" sokulingisa inyama yezilwane. Ekhipha lokhu "kunonga" ezitshalweni, uBrown wakhetha ubhontshisi wesoya ocebile nge-hemoglobin ezimpandeni zawo.
Indlela yokukhiqiza yendabuko idinga ukukhishwa ngqo kwe-"hemoglobin" ezimpandeni zesoya. Ikhilogremu elilodwa le-"hemoglobin" lidinga amahektha ayi-6 kasoya. Ukukhishwa kwezitshalo kuyabiza, futhi i-Impossible Food isungule indlela entsha: ukufaka isakhi sofuzo esingahlanganisa i-hemoglobin ibe yimvubelo, futhi njengoba imvubelo ikhula futhi iphindaphinda, i-hemoglobin izokhula. Ukusebenzisa isifaniso, lokhu kufana nokuvumela ihansi libeke amaqanda ngezinga lezinto ezincane.
I-Heme, ekhishwa ezitshalweni, isetshenziswa kuma-burger "enyama yokwenziwa"
Ubuchwepheshe obusha bukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza ngenkathi kunciphisa izinsiza zemvelo ezisetshenziswa ngokutshala. Njengoba izinto zokukhiqiza eziyinhloko kuyimvubelo, ushukela, namaminerali, akukho mfucuza eningi yamakhemikhali. Uma ucabanga ngakho, lobu ubuchwepheshe "obenza ikusasa libe ngcono" ngempela.
Uma abantu bekhuluma ngalobu buchwepheshe, nginomuzwa wokuthi lobu ubuchwepheshe obulula nje. Emehlweni abo, kunezinto eziningi kakhulu ezingaklanywa kusukela ezingeni lezakhi zofuzo ngale ndlela. Amapulasitiki abolayo, izinongo, imithi emisha kanye nemijovo, izibulala-zinambuzane zezifo ezithile, ngisho nokusetshenziswa kwe-carbon dioxide ukukhiqiza isitashi… Ngaqala ukuba nemicabango ethile eqondile ngamathuba alethwa yi-biotechnology.
Funda, bhala, futhi ushintshe izakhi zofuzo
I-DNA ithwala lonke ulwazi lokuphila oluvela emthonjeni, futhi ingumthombo wezinkulungwane zezici zokuphila.
Kulezi zinsuku, abantu bangafunda kalula ukulandelana kwe-DNA futhi bahlanganise ukulandelana kwe-DNA ngokwedizayini. Engqungqutheleni, ngizwe abantu bekhuluma ngobuchwepheshe be-CRISPR obawine umklomelo weNobel Prize in Chemistry ka-2020 izikhathi eziningi. Lobu buchwepheshe, obubizwa ngokuthi "i-Genetic Magic Scissor", bungathola futhi bunqume i-DNA ngokunembile, ngaleyo ndlela bufeze ukuhlelwa kwezakhi zofuzo.
Ngokusekelwe kulobu buchwepheshe bokuhlela izakhi zofuzo, kuye kwavela izinkampani eziningi ezintsha. Ezinye zibusebenzisa ukuxazulula ukwelashwa kwezakhi zofuzo kwezifo ezinzima njengomdlavuza nezifo zofuzo, kanti ezinye zibusebenzisa ukukhulisa izitho zokufakelwa kwabantu nokuthola izifo.
Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlela izakhi zofuzo bungene ngokushesha kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezentengiselwano kangangokuthi abantu babona amathuba amakhulu e-biotechnology. Ngokombono we-logic yentuthuko ye-biotechnology uqobo, ngemva kokufundwa, ukuhlanganiswa, kanye nokuhlelwa kwezinhlelo zezakhi zofuzo sekuvuthiwe, isigaba esilandelayo ukuklama ngokwemvelo kusukela ezingeni lezakhi zofuzo ukukhiqiza izinto ezihlangabezana nezidingo zabantu. Ubuchwepheshe be-biology yokwenziwa bungaqondwa futhi njengesigaba esilandelayo ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe bezakhi zofuzo.
Ososayensi ababili u-Emmanuelle Charpentier noJennifer A. Doudna bawine umklomelo weNobel Prize kuKhemistri ngobuchwepheshe be-CRISPR ngo-2020.
"Abantu abaningi bebelokhu bekhathazekile ngencazelo yebhayoloji yokwenziwa... Lolu hlobo lokungqubuzana lwenzekile phakathi kobunjiniyela nebhayoloji. Ngicabanga ukuthi noma yini ebangelwa yilokhu isiqalile ukubizwa ngokuthi i-biology yokwenziwa." kusho uTom Knight.
Njengoba kwandiswe isikhathi, kusukela ekuqaleni komphakathi wezolimo, abantu baye bahlola futhi bagcina izici zezilwane nezitshalo abazifunayo ngokuzalanisa nokukhetha isikhathi eside. I-biology yokwenziwa iqala ngqo ezingeni lezakhi zofuzo ukuze ikhiqize izici abantu abazifunayo. Njengamanje, ososayensi basebenzise ubuchwepheshe be-CRISPR ukutshala ilayisi elabhorethri.
Omunye wabahleli bengqungquthela, uMsunguli weQiji uLu Qi uthe kuvidiyo yokuqala ukuthi ubuchwepheshe be-bio bungase bulethe izinguquko ezinkulu emhlabeni njengobuchwepheshe be-inthanethi bangaphambilini. Lokhu kubonakala kuqinisekisa ukuthi abaphathi be-inthanethi bonke babonise intshisekelo kwisayensi yokuphila lapho besula emsebenzini.
Abantu abakhulu be-inthanethi bonke bayanaka. Ingabe umkhuba webhizinisi wesayensi yokuphila usufikile ekugcineni?
UTom Knight (owokuqala kusukela kwesobunxele) kanye nabanye abasunguli abane beGinkgo Bioworks | I-Ginkgo Bioworks
Ngesikhathi sesidlo sasemini, ngezwa izindaba: I-Unilever ithe ngoSepthemba 2 ukuthi izotshala ama-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1 ukuze iqede ukuthengiswa kwamafutha ezinto zokusetshenziswa ezihlanzekile ngo-2030.
Phakathi neminyaka eyi-10, insipho yokuwasha izingubo, insipho yokuwasha, kanye nemikhiqizo yensipho ekhiqizwa yiProcter & Gamble izosebenzisa kancane kancane izinto zokusetshenziswa zezitshalo noma ubuchwepheshe bokubamba i-carbon. Le nkampani iphinde yabeka eceleni amanye ama-euro ayizigidi eziyi-1 ukuze isungule isikhwama sokuxhasa ucwaningo nge-biotechnology, i-carbon dioxide kanye nobunye ubuchwepheshe bokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-carbon.
Abantu abangitshele lezi zindaba, njengami engizwile lezi zindaba, bamangala kancane ngesikhathi esingaphansi kweminyaka eyi-10: Ingabe ucwaningo lwezobuchwepheshe kanye nentuthuko ekukhiqizeni ngobuningi kuzogcwaliseka ngokugcwele maduze nje?
Kodwa ngithemba ukuthi kuzogcwaliseka.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba 31-2021